Read the passage and choose the best answer A, B, C or D to each question.
Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation and hygiene services are lacking. Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay, with the proportion much greater in low-income countries.
Inadequate management of urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater means the drinking-water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously contaminated or chemically polluted. Natural presence of chemicals, particularly in groundwater, can also be of health significance, including arsenic and fluoride, while other chemicals, such as lead, may be elevated in drinking-water as a result of leaching from water supply components in contact with drinking-water.
Some 829,000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhea as a result of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhea is largely preventable, and the deaths of 297,000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided each year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may decide handwashing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of diarrhea and other diseases.
Diarrhea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and water but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required preventative treatment for schistosomiasis - an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.
In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in clean, rather than dirty water, and household drinking water containers can serve as breeding grounds. The simple intervention of covering water storage containers can reduce vector breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination of water at the household level.

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The greenhouse effect is always reported as being a negative consequence of current human lifestyle practices. However there certainly have been numerous suggestions of positive consequences of the greenhouse effect.
A slight temperature increase in some of the colder parts of the world may improve conditions for agriculture and changing rainfall patterns may favor some species over others. However, they do not balance with overall negative impacts. The social, economic and ecological disorders brought about by such climatic changes worldwide are projected to greatly outweigh regional benefits.
The impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between nations and regions. While the developed, industrialized world is responsible for 75% of all CO2 emissions, these impacts will most likely hit hardest upon the poorer, underdeveloped parts of the world. For example, as sea levels rise countries like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable and populated lands than European or North American countries, even though they have emitted only a tiny fraction of the greenhouse gases.
The effect of drowning coastlines could lead to hundreds of millions of climate refugees. Where will these refugees go? How will they be cared for? Undoubtedly, such a disaster will seriously worsen the already critical refugee problem in the world. A severe disorder of the world's food supplies through floods, droughts, crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would lead to famines, wars and civil disorder in many countries.

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Energy is fundamental to human beings, especially to poor people – the one- third of humanity that does not have modern energy supplies like electricity, with which their life could be improved.
Many people who live in the countryside have to gather fuel wood. This takes a lot of time. Moreover, it causes indoor air pollution because of heavy smoke. For many people living in rural areas in developing countries of the world, biogas is the largest energy resource available and costs almost nothing. The main use of biogas is for cooking and heating. As biogas is smoke-free, it helps solve the problem of indoor air pollution. Moreover, plant waste and animal manure cost almost nothing.
The tendency to use renewable energy sources is on the increase when non-renewable ones are running out. In the near future, people in developing countries may use wind or sea waves as the environment-friendly energy sources.

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Air, water and soil (27) necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air can (28) illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and (29) marine life. Pollution of the soil reduces the amount (30) and that is available for growing food. The pollution problem is very complicated (31) much pollution is caused by things that benefit people.

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Despite the wealth of information campaigns telling people about global warming and its causes, most people have yet to realize how severe the problem is. Coming climate changes could alter as much as one third of plant and animal habitats (32) the end of the 22nd century. These changes could in turn cause widespread extinctions among plant and animal (33) around the globe.
Coastal and island habitats are perhaps in the greatest danger (34) they face the combined threats of warming oceans and rising sea (35) . As habitats change, many animals will come under intense pressure to find more suitable homes for themselves. Mass (36) of at least some animals are certainly to be expected, but the fact remains that many animals will simply not be able to move fast enough.

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When the word "endangered" is mentioned, people usually think of particular species, like the panda or whooping crane . However, we would like to encourage you to think about (37) in a broader context. It is habitats, the physical places (38) species live and interact with one another. Although the development of special breeding programs, also known as captive conservation, may help some species in some cases, it is clearly not (39) answer to the global problem. Indeed, (40) we are able to protect natural areas where endangered species actually live, they have no future.
Species become endangered for a wide (41) of reasons. By analyzing and grouping many individual cases, however, we find the same broad causes appearing again and again. They are Habitat Destruction, Exotic Species, and Overexploitation. Among other factors threatening particular species are limited: distribution, disease, and pollution.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
We are probably all guilty at some point in our lives of not caring for the environment as much as we should. Perhaps we drop litter without thinking, or cause (42) by using our cars when it’s not necessary. However, the real environmental (43) are those big businesses which ignore the law. For many years now, (44) have attempted to protect the environment by making businesses responsible for making sure that the chemicals they use don’t add to the (45) of the environment. The problem for businesses is that the (46) of the environment costs money, and businesses will always try to lower their costs if they can