Dorothea Dix was born in the tiny village of Hampden, Maine, in 1802. She was brought up by her grandmother in Boston. When only nineteen years old, she established the Dix Mansion School for girls in Boston. There was no lack of students, and the school provided a good source of income for her and her two brothers. In 1836, however, her health failed. She suffered most of her life from "lung trouble" and depression. She was forced to stop teaching and had to close her school.
Later that same year, having partially recovered, Dix set off for Italy but never reached her destination. She had to halt her journey in England. During this time, she became friends with Samuel Tuke, from whom she learned new methods for taking care of the mentally ill.
Returning to the United States, Dix volunteered to teach classes at a prison for women in Massachusetts. When she went to the lower level of the jail where the mentally ill were housed, she was shocked to see that they were treated far worse even than ordinary criminals, living in miserable conditions. She vowed to spend the rest of her life improving conditions for the mentally ill. Dix spent the next eighteen months touring Massachusetts prisons and local jails, documenting and exposing inhumane conditions. Her reports led to legislative reforms in Massachusetts, setting the stage for her nationwide advocacy.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Dix volunteered to form the Army Nursing Corps. At first, military authorities, who were not accustomed to female nurses, were skeptical, but she convinced them that women could perform this work acceptably. She recruited over 3,000 women and raised money for medical supplies for the troops. Under her leadership, army nursing care greatly improved.
After the war, Dix returned to her life's work and resumed her travels. Her work in support of better care for the mentally ill resulted in the restructuring of many hospitals both in the United States and abroad. She asked the federal government to use the income from public lands to help poor mental patients, and although both houses of Congress approved this bill, President Pierce vetoed it. Even though this plan failed, Dix was able to arouse concern for the problem of mental illness all over the United States as well as in Canada and Europe.

The 20th century has been a big era for the British newspaper. Many, many new papers have emerged all over the country. (37)_______ cities have their own privately-published papers that circulate weekly, and there are several major publications that are published daily. For instance, one of Britain's most popular papers is The Guardian, (38)_______ used to be the Manchester Guardian. The Times is also still going strong. There are even newspapers that combine serious news with large sections devoted to celebrities like The Daily Mail, which is still a popular paper. The (39)_______ of some papers also changed. In 1914, The Times published its first half-tone photo. In 1915, the Daily Mail ran its first comic strip, Teddy Tail and in 1924, the Sunday Express published its first crossword puzzle.
Currently, like with the rest of the world, the newspaper industry is struggling as more people (40)______ from paper and ink cartridges to join the Internet revolution. (41)_______, newspapers provide an important service for the world.

Climate change poses major challenges to environmental stability, economic growth, and human development in the East Asia and Pacific region. The region is home to some of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate-related extreme weather events and impacts such as sea level rise pose an existential threat to the many small island countries in the region. Without concerted action, between 3.3 million and 7.5 million people could fall into poverty by 2030.
East Asia and Pacific is also critical to global efforts to combat climate change. The region accounts for 39 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions and 60 percent of the world's coal consumption. The good news is that the region is uniquely placed to act. All countries in the region have made pledges as part of the Paris Agreement, and many of the largest economies of the region have recently made ambitious commitments to reduce emissions and achieve carbon neutrality.
To face the existential climate crisis while still actively pursuing their development goals, countries of the region must tackle several urgent priorities: strengthening resilience to climate impacts; shifting rice cultivation methods to protect food security and reduce emissions; protecting forests and natural areas to act as carbon sinks and shield coastlines; transitioning to renewable energy from fossil fuels; and finding innovative ways to finance that shift, and to create markets for emissions.
The World Bank has been a longstanding partner for the region on climate change-producing knowledge, collecting data, providing finance, and working together with governments for significant actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve climate resilience, and prepare for – and respond to-natural disasters. In East Asia and Pacific, 39 percent of new World Bank commitments in fiscal year 2023-$2.9 billion-contributed to climate action.