Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Urban living may offer the best solution to the environmental crises we face today. [II] With rural- to-urban migration accelerating across the globe, cities are now home to more than half the world’s population. [III] This trend is set to continue, especially in megacities with populations over 10 million.
[IV] However, cities occupy just two percent of the Earth’s land surface yet consume three-quarters of its resources, producing vast quantities of greenhouse gases and waste. This raises urgent questions about how cities can become more sustainable.
Despite their problems, cities also offer major opportunities. Their size allows for economies of scale in energy generation, public transport, and waste management. In theory, it is even possible for cities to partly feed themselves. The challenge is to design urban environments that reduce environmental impact while improving quality of life.
Governments and urban planners are now proposing bold solutions. The key strategies involve two main principles: recycling as much as possible, and minimizing car use. This includes integrating residential and work areas, promoting high-density living near public transport, and creating multi-centered cities to reduce travel. Several cities have already introduced eco-initiatives, such as green buildings powered by renewable energy, public bicycle systems, and hydrogen-fueled buses.
Meanwhile, informal urban settlements - shanty towns - are receiving unexpected attention from eco- urbanists. Although often lacking sanitation and infrastructure, these communities are dense, walkable, and resourceful. They recycle waste, rely on minimal transport, and exhibit vibrant social life.
Their spontaneous development contrasts sharply with rigidly planned cities, yet they may offer insights into sustainable urban living.
Future eco-cities may combine the efficiency of modern design with the flexibility and adaptability found in shanties. Cities that avoid car-dependency and focus on compact city layouts that reduce distances between living and working areas offer both environmental benefits and improved urban life. The goal is not only to reduce emissions, but also to build cities where people can live better - using less.
