LỚP 11- ÔN TẬP HK2- CÔ NI

Why is preserving cultural heritage important?
Because it helps us understand who we are and where we come from.
In countries around the world, local governments and communities work together (11) ______ ancient buildings, traditional arts, and old customs that tell the story of our past.
🎓 LEARN FROM THE PAST
Museums are the most amazing places to learn about history.
They showcase (12) ______ objects and stories that help young people connect (13) ______ their culture and heritage.
🌍 SHARE OUR TRADITIONS WITH THE WORLD
Colorful festivals and exciting cultural shows are organized to share our traditions with tourists and visitors.
They’re not just fun - they help keep our customs and practices (14) ______ for future generations!
👐 GET INVOLVED!
Support cultural events, visit museums, and take pride in your traditions.
Together, let’s keep our heritage alive and thriving!

Explore Your Education & Career Options Today!
Are you finishing secondary school and wondering what to do next? Great news - there are many exciting paths waiting for you!
🏫 Higher Education
Dreaming of a university degree? Many students choose to enter (11) ______ to gain in-depth knowledge and open doors to professional careers.
🛠️ Apprenticeships
Prefer hands-on learning? Start earning while you learn!
An apprenticeship gives you real-world skills, work experience, and income - a smart choice if you’re eager to begin your career early.
Many school-leavers find that (12) ______ practical experience helps them discover what they truly enjoy.
📘 Professional Qualifications
Some students continue full-time studies to earn a professional (13) ______ that boosts their job prospects in specific industries.
🚀 Try Something New
Having taken a short course or internship, many students feel more confident about choosing a path that (14) ______ their interests and talents.

Growing up means growing responsible - and learning to become (11) ______ is a big part of that journey.
💡 Key Skill: Time Management
One of the most important abilities teens can develop is (12) ______.
(13) ______, some teens may struggle with managing their time effectively, leading to stress and poor performance. In addition, learning time management can help them balance schoolwork, hobbies, and personal life more effectively.
🏠 Parents Matter!
Support from parents plays a huge role.
(14) ______ that teaches children responsibility and teamwork at home.
When teens feel supported, they're more likely to become self- motivated and confident in making decisions.

Creating a Safer Space for Every Teen
Teenagers today face many social issues - but (11) ______ remains one of the most serious.
Whether it's online or in person, bullying involves threats, intimidation, or physical harm that can leave lasting emotional scars. Victims often suffer from low self- confidence. (12) ______ makes it harder to deal with the effects of bullying and may even struggle with negative thought (13) ______ their challenges and regain confidence.
📱 Cyberbullying is on the rise - even with strong school policies in place.
(14) ______ the efforts to stop this behavior, it continues to affect students daily, especially on social media platforms.
💬 What Can You Do?
- Speak up if you see someone being bullied
- Support friends who are struggling
- Report harmful behavior to a trusted adult or school counselor
- Be kind - words matter more than you know

🌿Ecosystems are life. Let’s keep them alive.
Did you know that one of the best ways (11) ______ our planet is by conserving its ecosystems? These lush green worlds are home to thousands of species, many of which are now at risk of disappearing forever. Today, too many of them are classified as endangered.
🛡️ What Are We Doing to Help?
Governments and conservation groups are working hard to restore damaged areas and establish (12) ______ to help species recover and ecosystems thrive. These protected places allow nature to function without human interference.
(13) ______ , they are also working on raising awareness and providing educational resources to help people understand the importance of biodiversity.
🌱 Healthy Ecosystems = Healthier Communities
(14) ______ the importance of biodiversity, many local communities have taken part in reforestation and clean water efforts to support long-term sustainability.

Our country is home to many cultural sites known for their unique (15) ______, connecting us to our roots and reflecting our shared cultural identity.
🙋‍♀️ Join Us as a Volunteer!
We are looking for passionate individuals to help (16) ______ cultural sites by guiding visitors, assisting in clean-up projects, and supporting local events.
💡 Why Volunteer?
It’s a great way (17) ______ develop new skills, work with like-minded people, and gain experience in cultural preservation.
📚 Learn and Explore
Cultural sites are full of rich stories and history. (18) ______, we offer workshops and guided tours to help visitors engage with the past in meaningful ways.

🎓 Your Future – A Guide for School-Leavers
🌟 Big Changes Ahead!
Leaving school is a major milestone. As a (15) ______, you have many exciting opportunities waiting for you. Whether you plan to continue studying or start working, it's important to explore all your options.
🔧 Vocational Education – A Hands-On Path
One popular route is (16) ______. This training offers real-world experience in areas like: mechanics, hospitality, and technology.
✅ These programs help you build skills that are directly useful for the job market.
🚀 What Comes Next?
(17) ______ completed a vocational course, many young people find jobs quickly. Others choose to apply to university and pursue more academic studies.
🤝 Need Support?
It is career advisors (18) ______ you through your decisions. They can help match your skills and interests to the right path.

📌 What Does Independence Mean?
Being independent isn’t just about doing everything by yourself. It’s about being (15) ______ and taking responsibility for your actions and choices.
📅 Take Control of Your Time and Money
Learn how to (16) ______ your time and money wisely by setting clear goals, making smart plans, and avoiding distractions.
💪 Build Your Confidence
It is strong decision-making skills that (17) ______ young people become more confident and self-reliant. These skills help you tackle life’s challenges and solve problems independently.
🤝 You’re Not Alone
(18) ______, asking for advice from experienced people can provide valuable guidance and help you grow.
✨ Independence is about knowing when to act on your own and when to ask for support. Start your journey today!

🧠 What’s the Issue?
One growing issue is (15) ______, a mental health condition that can affect thoughts, emotions, and daily activities. It often makes people feel sad and hopeless for a long time.
👥 Challenges Young People Face:
Young people also (16) ______ to balance school, family, and social pressure. These problems can lead to stress or isolation.
💬 There is Support!
(17) ______, there are ways to get support. Talking to someone you trust, joining a support group, or seeking professional help can make a real difference.
📢 Did You Know?
Governments and organizations are launching new projects (18) ______ better mental health care and raise awareness in the community.

🛑🌿 Let’s Protect Our Environment – Act Now for a Greener Future!
Why Should We Care?
Environmental protection is one of the most urgent (15) ______ we face today. Forests are disappearing, oceans are polluted, and many species are becoming (16) ______ due to illegal hunting and habitat loss.
What’s at Stake?
We are losing precious (17) ______ – the variety of life on Earth. Without it, nature becomes unbalanced, and people’s lives are also affected.
What Can We Do?
Small actions lead to big changes. (18) ______, more people are recycling, saving energy, and joining clean-up campaigns to help the planet. 🌎♻️

1.
Homelessness is a complex and pervasive issue that affects individuals and communities worldwide. It refers to the condition of not having a stable, permanent place to live. Homelessness can arise from a variety of factors, including poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental health issues, substance abuse, and systemic inequality. People experiencing homelessness often face significant challenges, including limited access to basic necessities, healthcare, employment opportunities, and social support networks. The impact of homelessness extends beyond individuals themselves and affects society as a whole. Homeless individuals often face stigma, discrimination, and social isolation, making it difficult for them to reintegrate into mainstream society. Homelessness also places a burden on public resources, such as emergency shelters, healthcare systems, and law enforcement, as they strive to address the immediate needs and provide assistance to those without homes.
Efforts to address homelessness involve a multifaceted approach that combines short-term and long-term solutions. Immediate interventions include providing emergency shelters, transitional housing, and access to basic services like food, healthcare, and mental health support. However, long-term solutions focus on addressing the root causes of homelessness, such as affordable housing initiatives, poverty alleviation measures, and comprehensive support programs that address mental health, addiction, and employment. Moreover, addressing homelessness requires collaboration and coordination among governments, nonprofit organizations, and communities. Effective strategies involve a combination of policy changes, community engagement, and resource allocation to provide stable housing options, supportive services, and opportunities for homeless individuals to rebuild their lives. By recognizing the complex factors contributing to homelessness and implementing comprehensive solutions, societies can strive to reduce homelessness, alleviate suffering, and promote social inclusion for all individuals. (267 words)

2.
The ocean is home to a treasure house of biodiversity, and evidence is showing that protecting such significant local areas builds resilience to climate change - and can even help regenerate what has been lost.
Climate change has begun to compound the pollution and overfishing that wiped out an estimated half of all commercial fish since 1970. The oceans are absorbing most of the heat caused by our carbon emissions and 30 percent of the carbon dioxide itself. Sea surface temperatures are at record highs. The water has become 30 percent more acidic since the industrial revolution.
The changes may be invisible, but increasingly, the effects are not. The Gulf of Maine is warming faster than almost any other ocean region on Earth - and on Machias Sea Island, a popular destination for bird watching tours, puffin chicks are starving to death by the hundreds. In southern Florida, the higher ocean temperatures have boosted the toxic algae blooms that emptied beaches and hotels last summer. And around the world, many of the largest, most colorful coral gardens have gone tombstone gray. The worst coral bleaching on record was triggered in 2014 by ocean warming caused by greenhouse gases.
Human-caused global warming has also worsened hurricane impacts in the United States by increasing the intensity and decreasing the speed at which they travel. A hurricane can lash the land with 25-foot waves and 150-mile-an-hour winds, destroying the coral reefs and causing 10-15 percent more precipitation. In 2017, Hurricane Harvey dropped more than 60 inches in some locations and Hurricane Florence in 2018 demonstrated the devastating floods. (265 words)
(Adapted from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/)

Independence is a fundamental aspect of personal growth and self-determination. It refers to the ability to make decisions, take actions, and assume responsibility for one’s own life without relying excessively on others. Independence encompasses both physical and emotional autonomy, allowing individuals to navigate life on their own terms and pursue their goals and aspirations.
In terms of physical independence, it involves being self-sufficient and capable of meeting one’s basic needs without relying on external assistance. This includes tasks such as managing finances, taking care of daily chores, cooking, cleaning, and being able to provide for oneself. Physical independence empowers individuals to live independently, make their own choices, and take control of their lives.
Emotional independence, on the other hand, relates to having a strong sense of self and being able to regulate one’s emotions and well-being without depending on others for validation or support. It involves cultivating self-confidence, resilience, and the ability to make decisions based on personal values and beliefs. Emotional independence allows individuals to maintain healthy relationships, set boundaries, and assert their needs and desires.
While independence is highly valued, it is important to acknowledge that no one is entirely independent. We are social beings who thrive on connections and interdependence with others. Interactions and collaborations with family, friends, and communities contribute to our growth and well-being. However, striking a balance between independence and interdependence is crucial. It allows individuals to maintain their autonomy and make decisions that align with their values, while also fostering healthy relationships and recognizing the importance of mutual support. (296 words)
(Adapted from physio-pedia.com/An_Overview_of_RehabiIitation_for_Nurses)

As school-leavers embark on the journey beyond high school, they are presented with a plethora of education options that pave the way for their future. These options cater to their diverse interests, aspirations, and career goals, ensuring that each individual can find a path that suits them best.
One of the most conventional routes is pursuing higher education at a university or college. Here, students can enroll in degree programs spanning various fields such as science, humanities, engineering, arts, and more. The university experience goes beyond academics, offering a vibrant campus life that fosters personal growth, critical thinking, and networking opportunities. For those seeking specialized knowledge and a structured academic environment, universities remain a fabulous choice.
In recent years, vocational education and training (VET) have gained increasing popularity among school-leavers. VET programs offer practical, hands-on learning that equips students with specific skills for a particular trade or industry. These courses are designed to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application, preparing graduates for immediate entry into the workforce. With a focus on employability and industry-relevant training, VET programs are an appealing option for those keen to pursue a specific career path without the extended duration of a traditional university degree.
For those looking to explore the world and immerse themselves in different cultures, gap years have become an appealing option. During this time, school-leavers can engage in volunteer work, travel, or pursue personal interests outside of academia. Gap years offer a chance for self-discovery, independence, and a broader perspective on life before diving into higher education or career commitments. (269 words)

Vietnam boasts a rich cultural heritage that spans thousands of years, with diverse influences from its indigenous roots, neighboring countries, and colonial history. Rapid urbanization, economic development, and modernization have posed significant challenges to the preservation and protection of Vietnam’s cultural treasures.
One issue faced by Vietnam is the encroachment of urban development on historical sites and traditional communities. As cities expand and modern infrastructure is built, historical buildings and neighborhoods often face the threat of demolition or alteration. This poses a risk to the physical integrity and authenticity of Vietnam’s heritage. Efforts are being made to strike a balance between development and preservation, with initiatives to restore and adapt historic structures for modern use, ensuring their cultural significance is not lost.
Another challenge is the preservation of intangible heritage, such as traditional crafts, music, and rituals. With the globalization of culture and changing societal dynamics, there is a risk of these traditions fading away. Recognizing this, the Vietnamese government and local communities have initiated programs to promote and safeguard intangible heritage.
Furthermore, tourism has both positive and negative impacts on heritage preservation in Vietnam. While tourism can provide economic opportunities and support conservation efforts, it can also lead to over-commercialization and cultural commodification. The Vietnamese government has implemented regulations to manage tourism activities and promote responsible travel practices to ensure that heritage sites are respected and preserved for future generations.
In conclusion, the current status of heritage preservation in Vietnam is a complex and evolving challenge. With growing awareness of the importance of cultural heritage, efforts are being made to protect and promote Vietnam’s rich heritage. However, it requires a delicate balance between development and preservation, as well as active community participation and responsible tourism practices, to ensure that Vietnam’s cultural treasures continue to thrive and inspire future generations. (300 words)

1.
What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is an area where living things, such as plants and animals, as well as non-living things, like weather and landscapes, work together to provide suitable living conditions. As living and non-living things depend on one another, any change to a member of the ecosystem may lead to changes to other elements. This also means that damage to one part of the ecosystem will lead to serious consequences for other parts.
While large national parks or nature reserves often come to mind when people think of an ecosystem, an ecosystem (and even ecosystems) could be found in very small areas, such as a garden or a pond. In a pond, for instance, animals such as frogs and fish live together with water plants, and depend on each other as well as on the water, humidity, and temperature to survive and grow. Large areas where different ecosystems can be found are called biomes. Examples of biomes include oceans, rainforests, and deserts.
Since our appearance on Earth, we have interacted with as well as depended on different ecosystems. However, we have also taken over many ecosystems and destroyed many of them. For example, many of the Amazon rainforests have been cut down, leading to loss of balance in the ecosystem. As we are part of the ecosystem, we also suffer from the damage we are causing to it. For instance, … (234 words)
(Adapted from Global Success Tieng Anh 11 - Workbook)

Peer-pressure is the influence that friends, people and individuals in group are capable of exerting on their peers. Some children are able to brush it off without any issues while it negatively impacts on other children. Sometimes adults underestimate the effects of peer pressure on their children because they were teenagers long ago in a different time. Here are three ways in which peer-pressure can negatively affect children.
First, due to peer pressure, children can easily adopt dangerous habits. They see what their friends do and copy them. For instance, many may develop bad habits such as alcohol consumption, smoking, drug abuse.
Second, children’s academic performance is also affected by their peers. For teenagers, it is important for them to be accepted by their peer group. This means that their peer group’s approval gets placed above that of their parents and teachers. Sometimes their academics are affected because despite being capable of performing well, they choose not to because in the eyes of their peers it makes them look uncool. Sometimes their academics are affected because in an effort to fit in with their peer group, they place more emphasis on being social rather than working on their academics.
Finally, negative peers also make children feel ashamed or bad about themselves and their family. At the average school, students come from various economic backgrounds. If the students come from poor economic backgrounds or come from a family which might not give them money to spend extravagantly, they end up feeling bad or ashamed of themselves and their family, because in the eyes of their peers, they are somehow ‘lesser’ or ‘weird’ individuals. (272 words)
(Adapted from: http://www.theteachersdigest.com/)

3.
Preserving the ecosystem is crucial for the well-being of our planet and future generations. The ecosystem refers to the interconnected network of living organisms and their physical environment. It encompasses various ecosystems, such as forests, oceans, grasslands, and wetlands, each playing a vital role in maintaining the balance of nature. Preserving the ecosystem is essential because it supports biodiversity, regulates climate, provides valuable resources, and offers countless benefits to humans and other species.
Biodiversity, or the variety of life on Earth, is a fundamental component of a healthy ecosystem. Each species, from plants to animals, plays a unique role in maintaining the ecosystem’s stability and functionality. By preserving diverse habitats and protecting endangered species, we can ensure the preservation of biodiversity. Furthermore, ecosystems contribute to climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Forests, for example, act as carbon sinks and help mitigate climate change. Preserving these natural habitats is crucial in combating climate change and its associated impacts.
Moreover, preserving the ecosystem also ensures the availability of valuable resources that sustain human life. Ecosystems provide essential services such as clean air, clean water, fertile soil, and natural resources like timber, food, and medicine. By practicing sustainable and responsible use of these resources, we can ensure their availability for future generations. Additionally, a healthy ecosystem offers recreational and aesthetic benefits, providing opportunities for outdoor activities, relaxation, and connection with nature.
Preserving the ecosystem requires collective efforts from individuals, communities, governments, and organizations. It involves adopting sustainable practices, reducing pollution and waste, conserving energy and water, supporting conservation initiatives, and promoting environmental education. By working together, we can contribute to the preservation of the ecosystem, protect our planet's natural resources, and ensure a sustainable and thriving future for all. (294 words)
(Adapted from English Reading and Comprehension)

Living in a big city can offer many advantages, such as access to diverse cultures, job opportunities, and vibrant social scenes. However, it also comes with its fair share of social problems. One prevalent issue is homelessness. In big cities, the high cost of housing and limited affordable options make it challenging for some individuals and families to secure a stable place to live. This leads to a significant homeless population, often struggling to meet their basic needs and facing difficulties in finding employment or accessing social services. Another social problem in big cities is the increased crime rates. The density of population and anonymity can contribute to higher levels of criminal activity. Theft, vandalism, and assaults are more common in urban areas, causing concerns for residents’ safety and well-being. Additionally, social inequality and poverty are prevalent in big cities. While these areas offer many opportunities, they also widen the gap between the rich and the poor. The stark contrast in living conditions and access to resources can create social divisions and lead to feelings of marginalization among certain communities.
Addressing these social problems requires a collective effort from both the government and the community. Implementing affordable housing initiatives, providing support services for the homeless, and promoting inclusive policies can help alleviate the issue of homelessness. Similarly, investing in community policing, enhancing public safety measures, and implementing programs aimed at reducing poverty and inequality can contribute to a safer and more equitable city. It is essential for residents to come together, support local organizations, and actively participate in initiatives that tackle these social problems. By working collaboratively, big cities can strive towards creating a more inclusive and thriving environment for all. (281 words)
(Adapted from Edutopia)

Vietnam has made significant efforts to preserve the diversity of its ecosystem, recognizing the importance of maintaining a healthy environment for the well-being of its people and the sustainability of its natural resources. The country is home to a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, including lush forests, pristine coastal areas, and unique wetlands.
One notable initiative in Vietnam is the establishment of national parks and nature reserves. These protected areas serve as havens for a wide variety of plant and animal species, allowing them to thrive and maintain their ecological balance. Examples of such protected areas include Cuc Phuong National Park, Cat Tien National Park, and Ha Long Bay, which are not only important for preserving biodiversity but also allure tourists from around the world. Additionally, Vietnam has taken steps to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable practices. The government has implemented policies and regulations to control deforestation, protect endangered species, and promote sustainable fishing practices. There are also ongoing efforts to raise awareness about the importance of preserving the ecosystem among the general public and local communities. Vietnam’s commitment to preserving the diversity of its ecosystem extends beyond its borders. The country actively participates in international conservation initiatives and cooperates with other nations to combat climate change and protect vulnerable ecosystems. This collaboration is crucial in addressing global environmental issues and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the planet. (230 words)
(Adapted from Insider)

Each living thing can be a part of different food chains. Living things can be producers or consumers. Producers make their own food. For example, many plants are in the producers’ group as they use energy from the sun, water and nutrients from the soil, using photosynthesis to produce glucose. Consumers, on the other hand, don’t make their own food. Some eat producers or other consumers, such as animals, while others eat both (30) ______ For example, farm animals like cows, chickens and pigs eat corn, grass, and hay because they cannot make food for themselves like many plants do.
A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem. For instance, the sun makes energy for the grass, which gets eaten by a zebra, which gets eaten by a lion. Or, the grass gets eaten by a cricket, which gets eaten by a snake, which gets eaten by an owl. For example, these are all examples of food chains.
Food chains show how all living things depend on each other. For example, we as consumers drink fruit juice made from a plant or producer. (31) ______ such as milk and cheese, which come from other consumers like cows and sheep. So producers and consumers are interdependent.
There are many food chains in the various habitats on Earth. Animals (32) ______ are called predators, and the animals they eat are called prey. Consumers are divided into three categories: herbivores, omnivores and carnivores. A herbivore only eats plants, an omnivore eats plants and meat, and a carnivore only eats meat, but doesn’t eat plants. (33) ______, producers and consumers both play crucial roles in maintaining balance in nature.
(Adapted from Workbook – English 11: Global Success)

An ecosystem is an area where living things, such as plants and animals, as well as non-living things, like weather and landscapes, work together to provide suitable living conditions. As living and non-living things depend on one another, any change to a member of the ecosystem may lead to changes to other elements, (30) ______. This also means that damage to one part of the ecosystem will lead to serious consequences for other parts.
While large national parks or nature reserves often come to mind when people think of an ecosystem, (31) ______. In a pond, for instance, animals such as frogs and fish live together with water plants, and depend on each other as well as on the water, humidity, and temperature to survive and grow. Large areas (32) ______ are called biomes. Examples of biomes include oceans, rainforests, and deserts.
Since our appearance on Earth, we have interacted with as well as depended on different ecosystems. However, we have also taken over many ecosystems and destroyed many of them, having caused the loss of balance in the ecosystem. As we are part of the ecosystem, we also suffer from the damage we are causing to it. For instance, when forests are destroyed, the air quality worsens and global temperatures rise due to the loss of trees that absorb carbon dioxide. Additionally, local communities may lose access to clean water, food sources, and (33) ______. These effects, in other words, are warnings that human actions can severely damage ecosystems if not controlled.